Distal Radius Fractures (DRF) Pain Management

Distal Radius Fractures (DRF) Pain Management Clarify how obsessive procedures impact physiotherapy the board for a patient with a crack of the lower end of range. Distal range breaks (DRF) represent 16% of cracks found in mishap and crisis. (Tosti 2011) They are frequently brought about by a fall on an outstretched hand, and as the danger of falling and osteoporosis increments with age, old patients have a higher danger of DRF. DRF are depicted as Colles’ breaks (with dorsal angulation) or Smiths cracks (with volar angulation), and treatment shifts with crack kind, time of patient and introducing side effects. Numerous breaks are diminished under sedation and immobilized in a mortar cast from just beneath the elbow to the proximal wrinkle of the palm (Alsop 2013). During bone recuperating, immobilization guarantees bone finishes stay adjusted and lessens the danger of mal-association. Following a break, the nearby bone tissue gets necrotic, and is resorbed by osteoclasts. A crack haematoma structures and osteoblasts produce calcium hydroxyapatite precious stones which are set down on the bone framework, shaping callus (Drake 2010). Call us is obvious on x-beam at about a month and a half, which is commonly when the immobilization stage closes. During immobilization, patients’ clinical needs are torment the executives through drug, growing decrease and anticipation of optional firmness and muscle wastage in joints above and beneath the break. To diminish levels of exudate in tissues and help lymphatic waste, height and pressure are the primary physiotherapy medicines (Cheing 2005). Extending practices for the elbow, shoulder, metacarpal phalangeal joints and bury phalangeal joints on the influenced side assistance keep up scope of movement (ROM), and reinforcing practices for muscles of the shoulder, elbow and fingers can diminish muscle decay. Physiotherapists’ can give diet training, clarifying that the supplementation of nutrient D, calcium, magnesium and nutrient K will help bone mending (Price 2012). Nutrient C is appeared to improve â€Å"mechanical and histological parameters of break repair† in an investigation with rodents (Gaston 2007), and to actuate osteoblast separation, which assume a sign ificant job in bone recuperating (Carinci 2005).When the mortar is evacuated, skin can be flaky, flimsy and over sharpened. Physiotherapists can clarify the significance of delicate washing and saturating and can perform desensitizing treatment whenever required. Because of their insight into break pathophysiology, physiotherapists can exhort patients on the most proficient method to ensure their wrist, for instance, not to lift a full pot however to proceed with useful errands, for example, washing dishes. After immobilization, a significant side effect is torment, influencing the patient’s capacity to perform practical exercises. Agony or dread of torment can hinder treatment, as the patient might be anxious to do their recommended works out. Compelling torment the executives as paracetamol and ibuprofen, and clarification that a dull hurting torment is definite of bone mending may help diminish understanding uneasiness. Estimating torment permits physiotherapists’ to give result measures and to tailor treatment to patients’ singular needs. Self-detailed measures, for example, the visual simple scale, are the best quality level for estimating torment power, area, quality and transient variety (Jones 2013). Nociception from DRF happens when the tangible receptors at nerve endings in the periosteum are animated by harmful put-down that are created through aggravation (DeLisa 2005). An activity potential is conveyed to the dorsal horn of the spinal line where the ago ny signal is sent to the cerebrum. As agony is transmitted by means of the dorsal horn, physiotherapists use modalities that utilization the torment door hypothesis to lessen patient’s inconvenience. This hypothesis recommends there is a gating system in the dorsal horn, little nociceptors that convey torment encourage the entryway, however bigger mechanoreceptor strands hinder the door. At the point when physiotherapists animate mechanoreceptors, the entryway is repressed and torment signals transmitted to the mind are diminished (Moayedi 2012). A case of this is frill mobilisations, where the physiotherapist reproduces athrokinematic developments to animate mechanoreceptors, repressing nociception. In a DRF, all athrokinematic developments can be utilized at grade one and two to invigorate mechanoreceptors. Back rub utilizes the torment entryway hypothesis, accordingly close by the physiological impacts of back rub, for example, expanding blood stream and lymphatic waste, rub animates the mechanoreceptors tha t hinder the door, repressing torment signals. Firmness can be brought about by an assortment of aetiologies. On the off chance that the break includes articular surfaces, blood entering the joint can leave fibrin buildup causing stringy grips between the two synovial layers (Hamblen 2007). This abatements the congruency of the surfaces, thusly diminishing ROM. All the more regularly, peri-articular attachments, brought about by assortments of exudate, decrease the versatility of tendons and diminishes muscles free coasting capacities, causing solidness. (Hamblen 2007). On the off chance that the patient has experienced open decrease medical procedure, scar tissue can cause attachment of nearby muscles and ligaments, lessening ROM. Proprioceptive neuromuscular assistance (PNF) is a methodology used to treat diminished ROM. PNF utilizes the proprioceptive incitement of muscle gatherings, utilizing willful muscle compressions close by extending to diminish the reflexive part of strong withdrawal (Mahieu 2008). Utilizing maximal muscle withdrawal empowers greatest unwinding, which builds stretch adequacy. By utilizing this procedure on physiological developments of the wrist, the bonds are separated permitting familiar development. Basic home extending activities can be endorsed, to guarantee that delicate tissues are extended regularly to decrease firmness. Just as rewarding torment, mobilisations are utilized to diminish firmness. For solidness, both extra and physiological latent mobilisations can be utilized to expand ROM. While rewarding firmness, grade three and four mobilisations taken as far as possible of range are utilized, which separate peri-articular grips and permit synovial compass, making even grea se and lessening contact. After agony, expanding and ROM have been tended to, reinforcing excercises are consolidated into treatment to lessen muscle decay brought about by immobilization (Powers 2004). Reinforcing excercises help to recapture bulk and quality, by causing neural adaptions, diminishing inhibitory input permitting more grounded compressions. More grounded constriction is likewise brought about by muscle hypertrophy, where myocytes develop, expanding actin and myosin fixation. Excercises ought to get progressively all the more testing until useful development is accomplished. All excercises ought to be focused on utilitarian objectives explicit to the patient, expanding inspiration and furthermore building up desires for both the physiotherapist and the patient. Because of NHS cuts, physiotherapists can not consider patients to be oftentimes as wanted, along these lines modalities, for example, back rub and PNF can't be completely powerful. It is in this way significant for the physiotherapist t o expand inspiration for home excercises through clarifications of their significance and impacts . As the most well-known reason for a DRF is falling on an outstretched hand, physiotherapy falls avoidance programs including stride re-education,walking helps and parity works out, can lessen the danger of DRF. These projects have been â€Å"associated with an essentially lower danger of fractures† (El-Khoury 2013), exhibiting that avoidance is the best physiotherapy the executives for both patient and physiotherapist. References: Alsop, H. (2013) Tidy’s Physiotherapy fifteenth ed. Saunders Elsevier Carinci, F. Pezzetti, F. Spina, AM. Palmieri, A. (2005) Effect of Vitamin C on pre-osteoblast quality articulation. File of Oral Biology. 50(5): 481-496 Cheing, G. Wan, J. also, Lo, S. (2005) Ice and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field to Reduce Pain and Swelling after Distal Radius Fractures. Diary of Rehabilitation Medicine. 37: 372-377 Delisa. J, (2005) Physical Medicine and Rehabiliation: Principles and Practice fourth ed. Volume 1. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Drake, R. (2010) Gray’s Anatomy for Students. second ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier El Khoury, F. (2013) The impact of fall avoidance practice programs on fall instigated wounds in network abiding more seasoned grown-ups: precise audit and meta-examination of randomized controlled preliminaries. English Medical Journal. 347: f6234 Gaston, M. Simpson, A. (2007) Inhibition of Fracture Healing. The Bone and Joint Journal. Vol. 89. No. 12. 1553-1560 Hamblen, D. (2007) Adam’s Outline of Fractures, Inluding Joint Injuries. twelfth ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Jones, L. (2013) Tidy’s Physiotherapy fifteenth ed. Saunders Elsevier Mahieu, N. Cools, A. De Wilde, B. (2008) Effect of propoiceptive neuromuscular assistance extending on the plantar flexor mucle-ligament tissue properties. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. Vol. 19. 553-560 Moayedi, M. Davis, K. (2012) Theories of torment: from explicitness to entryway control. Diary of Neurophysiological. Vol 109. No. 1: 5-12 Forces, S. (2004) Mechanisms of neglect muscle decay: job of oxidative pressure. American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 288. No. R337-R344 Value, C. (2012) Essential Nutrients for Bone Health and a Review of their Availability in the Average North American Diet. The Open Orthopedics Journal. 6: 143-149 Tosti, R. (2011) Distal Radius Fractures †A Review and Update. Minerva Orthopedic and Traumatology. Vol 62: 443-457

Ehrlichs Population Bomb :: essays research papers

Ehrlich's Population Bomb      "People are understanding that we can't everlastingly proceed to duplicate and stifle the earth without losing our standard of life and the common excellence that must be a piece of it. these are the long periods of choice the choice of men to remain the surge of man." Ehrlich here clarifies the one of the most squeezing issues confronting man in the twentieth century. In Population Bomb, Ehrlich clarifies that contamination, deficiencies, and a general deterioation of the way of life is all because of overpopulation.      In section one Ehrlich clarifies the squeezing issues confronting present day human advancement and how these issues are straightforwardly or by implication connected to overpopulation. Ehrlich clarifies circumstance utilizing different instances of how mass starvation is unavoidable if populace keeps on expanding the manner in which it is right now. In underdeveloped nations their food supplies are turning out to be progressively rare as a result of their expanding populaces. In these third world nations the rich-poor hole is expanding making the potential for huge portions of the populace to starve. Summarizing Ehrlich's thoughts in section can be clarified as; there is just such a large number of assets and as populace increments those assets will before long be exhausted. Ehrlich utilizes verifiable populace research to prompt the end that in 90 years the populace could be well over the earths conveying limit. In underdeveloped nations where populace control is once in a while utilized populace, contamination, and shortage are turning out to be ever expanding issues. Generally 40% of the populace in underdeveloped nations are kids 15 years or more seasoned. Ehrlich clarifies that if populace development proceeds because of current circumstances more seasoned ages will end up without satisfactory food and medication. Close to the finish of the section Ehrlich clarifies the reason for the huge increment in populace development; as he clarifies that science and medication have diminished the demise rate exponentially while the birth rate has not diminished. In "Too Little Food" Ehrlich begins with the supposition that about half of the individuals on the planet are in some degree malnourished. He employments measurements from "New Republic" and the Population Crisis Committee to put the number of passings to around 4,000,000 individuals kicking the bucket every time of starvation alone, not malady brought about by starvation. Ehrlich clarifies that at some point around 1958 populace development surpassed the accessible food flexibly. At the point when this occurred the laws of flexibly and request dominated and caused huge swelling in food expenses and causes minimal ranch land to be placed into creation. These signs caused a timeframe with extreme deficiencies in food. In 1966 alone the total populace expanded by 70 million while food creation remained

Mature Baby Essay - 1100 Words

Mature Baby (Essay Sample) Content: Students NameInstructorCourseDate Mature BabyIntroduction In the past, teen pregnancy was not only a taboo in America, but also the worst situation a teenage girl could find herself. Therefore, young girls were cautious not to engage in premarital affairs (Daum). Currently, the issue is different. Teenage pregnancies in America are noteworthy issues, considering that 7.5 percent of young girls aged 15-19 become pregnant. Although the trends have been varying throughout the years, the United States records the highest teen pregnancy rates in the industrialized world (Do Something.org.). The high rates of teenage pregnancies have made the teenage girls to seek abortion, and although some policies favor abortion, the issue remains controversial. Overall, teen pregnancy is a complex challenge, and investigators have failed to find empirical evidence concerning its risk factors (Hoffman and Rebecca 1). However, issues such as poverty, sexual abuse, school failure and lack of information concerning birth control are among the trending risk factors in the American context (Goldstein). Similarly, it is important to note that, although literature reports such, there have been efforts from the government to reduce the rates of teenage pregnancies. However, the teenagers are in a complicated growth stage, which is characterized by confusion and desires. Therefore, they often may disregard the sex and health education offered in school. Nonetheless, there is a need to adopt new strategies to help address the issue, and possibly reduce the high rates. In addition, parents should play a role in addressing sex issues with their teenage girls (Do Something.org.). Problem Statement Although some American teenage girls are ready to adopt healthy ways of living, some of them are not. Therefore, they are indulging in activities such as smoking, drinking alcohol and teenage sex, which are contributing to high rates of teenage pregnancies (Olson). In the sam e context, such behaviors may result to infections, or ectopic pregnancy and the survival rates for the latter are minimal (Carroll 317). In addition, different things have motivated the teenagers into early sex. The things are central to the afore-mentioned, but research shows that over-rated movies are possible contributors (Males 2).Long-ago, teenage girls who became pregnant either undertook abortions or left their homes. Therefore, the society practiced abortion then, but it has traces in the contemporary American society, despite its adverse effects. Teenage girls who give birth predispose their children to problems such as health problems, abuse or become neglected, grow up in poverty and have school problems (Goldstein). Different countries view abortion differently, but the United States has provided policies that legally allow for abortion. In this context, different perspectives have resulted to diverse ideologies on the same. For example, Christians can never allow for a bortion, including some cultures, considering that it may result to death of the girl and the unborn baby (Caroll 317). The minorities of America appear to experience high rates of teenage pregnancies when compared to the White teenage girls. Some of the explanations for the disparity include the poor living conditions of the minorities, illiteracy and lack of access to health education. The issue of teenage pregnancies is huge, and there is a need for urgent interventions to minimize the high rates. Importance of the Proposal The high rate of teenage pregnancies in America is a significant problem. In this regard, there are strategies provided to serve as interventions, but some of them have failed. Because of this, the proposal will provide several recommendations, which can potentially minimize the high rates of teenage pregnancies in America. In addition, people avoid sex issues, and such is a major contributor to teenage pregnancies. Therefore, the proposal recommends that gua rdians, teachers should openly address sex issues. Proposed Recommendations The media is an important tool, which can convey educational messages concerning early pregnancies. In fact, the media is an influential tool. Therefore, the government and the society should pass messages on how to prevent teenage pregnancies through the media. This is because the media attract a large teenage audience. The MTV show known as 16 and pregnant is a typical example of the important role the media plays in educating the teenagers (Kristof). The technology age has seen to the wide usage of the social media, particularly among the youth. In such a standpoint, the social media, for example, twitter and Google can serve as educational tools to help the youth make a wise decision concerning early sex. In addition, there has been a reluctance to recommend contraceptives among the teenage girls. As stated, the pregnancies are proving otherwise, therefore, it is high time contraceptives should be availa ble to the teenagers (Ressler). It is important to engage the teenagers on issues of pregnancy. Therefore, it is imperative to provide the teenagers a medium for them to share their opinions. Importantly, it is strategic for parents to engage their children on sexual issues early. In so doing, parents can talk about early relationships, dating and sch... Mature Baby Essay - 1100 Words Mature Baby (Essay Sample) Content: Students NameInstructorCourseDate Mature BabyIntroduction In the past, teen pregnancy was not only a taboo in America, but also the worst situation a teenage girl could find herself. Therefore, young girls were cautious not to engage in premarital affairs (Daum). Currently, the issue is different. Teenage pregnancies in America are noteworthy issues, considering that 7.5 percent of young girls aged 15-19 become pregnant. Although the trends have been varying throughout the years, the United States records the highest teen pregnancy rates in the industrialized world (Do Something.org.). The high rates of teenage pregnancies have made the teenage girls to seek abortion, and although some policies favor abortion, the issue remains controversial. Overall, teen pregnancy is a complex challenge, and investigators have failed to find empirical evidence concerning its risk factors (Hoffman and Rebecca 1). However, issues such as poverty, sexual abuse, school failure and lack of information concerning birth control are among the trending risk factors in the American context (Goldstein). Similarly, it is important to note that, although literature reports such, there have been efforts from the government to reduce the rates of teenage pregnancies. However, the teenagers are in a complicated growth stage, which is characterized by confusion and desires. Therefore, they often may disregard the sex and health education offered in school. Nonetheless, there is a need to adopt new strategies to help address the issue, and possibly reduce the high rates. In addition, parents should play a role in addressing sex issues with their teenage girls (Do Something.org.). Problem Statement Although some American teenage girls are ready to adopt healthy ways of living, some of them are not. Therefore, they are indulging in activities such as smoking, drinking alcohol and teenage sex, which are contributing to high rates of teenage pregnancies (Olson). In the sam e context, such behaviors may result to infections, or ectopic pregnancy and the survival rates for the latter are minimal (Carroll 317). In addition, different things have motivated the teenagers into early sex. The things are central to the afore-mentioned, but research shows that over-rated movies are possible contributors (Males 2).Long-ago, teenage girls who became pregnant either undertook abortions or left their homes. Therefore, the society practiced abortion then, but it has traces in the contemporary American society, despite its adverse effects. Teenage girls who give birth predispose their children to problems such as health problems, abuse or become neglected, grow up in poverty and have school problems (Goldstein). Different countries view abortion differently, but the United States has provided policies that legally allow for abortion. In this context, different perspectives have resulted to diverse ideologies on the same. For example, Christians can never allow for a bortion, including some cultures, considering that it may result to death of the girl and the unborn baby (Caroll 317). The minorities of America appear to experience high rates of teenage pregnancies when compared to the White teenage girls. Some of the explanations for the disparity include the poor living conditions of the minorities, illiteracy and lack of access to health education. The issue of teenage pregnancies is huge, and there is a need for urgent interventions to minimize the high rates. Importance of the Proposal The high rate of teenage pregnancies in America is a significant problem. In this regard, there are strategies provided to serve as interventions, but some of them have failed. Because of this, the proposal will provide several recommendations, which can potentially minimize the high rates of teenage pregnancies in America. In addition, people avoid sex issues, and such is a major contributor to teenage pregnancies. Therefore, the proposal recommends that gua rdians, teachers should openly address sex issues. Proposed Recommendations The media is an important tool, which can convey educational messages concerning early pregnancies. In fact, the media is an influential tool. Therefore, the government and the society should pass messages on how to prevent teenage pregnancies through the media. This is because the media attract a large teenage audience. The MTV show known as 16 and pregnant is a typical example of the important role the media plays in educating the teenagers (Kristof). The technology age has seen to the wide usage of the social media, particularly among the youth. In such a standpoint, the social media, for example, twitter and Google can serve as educational tools to help the youth make a wise decision concerning early sex. In addition, there has been a reluctance to recommend contraceptives among the teenage girls. As stated, the pregnancies are proving otherwise, therefore, it is high time contraceptives should be availa ble to the teenagers (Ressler). It is important to engage the teenagers on issues of pregnancy. Therefore, it is imperative to provide the teenagers a medium for them to share their opinions. Importantly, it is strategic for parents to engage their children on sexual issues early. In so doing, parents can talk about early relationships, dating and sch...

Motivation Is An Individual s Choice - 915 Words

To be or not to be motivated is much of an individual’s choice. Many factors make individual motived, but it is always a central problem for leaders and managers to well use those factors to get their employee motivated. Unmotivated employees are likely to spend little or no effort in their jobs, having very low productivity, and do not willing to stay with the organization if possible. On the other hand, motived employees are likely to work persistent, creative and productive. If managers can motive their employees, both and organization and the employees benefit from the fact. According to Rabey (2001), motivation has been defined as the internalized drive that is more dominant in an individual at a given moment. Motivation cannot be created. It comes from inside of a person such as thoughts, beliefs, ambitions and goals. In a workplace, motivation is the willingness to work at a certain level of effort. To better understand what motivation is, we are going to explore some really popular motivation theories. The Two-Factor Theory of motivation was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg in the 1950 s. Two factors greatly influence employee motivation and satisfaction. First one is motivator factors, which refers to the factors that lead to satisfaction and motivate employees to work harder, such as career progression. The other factor is Hygiene factor which can lead to dissatisfaction and a lack of motivation if they are absent, such as salary, company policiesShow MoreRelatedImproving Student Performance Has Long Been An Issue Contemplated And Researched By Educational Professionals And Psychologists1590 Words   |  7 PagesResearch has shown that students’ motivation to meet these academic demands begins steadily declining around the third grade (Anderman Maehr, 1987; Harter, 1981) which means teachers must take proactive approaches in their classrooms to stimulate and maintain the motivation of their students. According to Hidi and Harackiewicz, student interest serves as a foundation for intrinsic motivation. 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Ones motivation to do something differs fromRead MoreThe Importance Of Management For Ensuring Success1371 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Team work is a group of individual s people that works together in a business Institutions or organisation, and they characterized by integrated skills among themselves, and they have common goals and one purpose, and the reason of setting up a team work is in order to achieve a specific objective or a task requiring a certain coordination and integration among the team members, which can not be achieved individually. Each team member needs to build their knowledge s and abilities informationRead MoreIdentity Based Motivation : Implications For Health And Health Disparities945 Words   |  4 Pagesexemplified in â€Å"Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Health and Health Disparities† by Daphna Oyserman, George C. Smith and Kristen Elmore and â€Å"Stress-Related Externalizing Behavior among African American Youth: How Could Policy and Practice Transform Risk into Resilience?† by Sonya S. Brady, Willie Winston III, and Sonia E. Gockley. Both of these readings explore how people’s daily choices are influenced by the society in which they find themselves in. â€Å"Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for HealthRead MoreMotivating Student Motivation For Students1620 Words   |  7 Pagesand current grade level, it is difficult for special education students to retain motivation throughout instruction. In efforts to determine how student motivation can be continuous, additional technology support was created to be implemented in an inclusion classroom. The purpose of this action research proposal is to evaluate the effect of an elementary inclusion general education class to increase student motivation for CSEP students. Becoming familiar with student’s strengths, needs and interestsRead MoreExpectancy Theory And Social Cognitive Theory Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation Theories: Expectancy Theory in Practice and Social Cognitive Theory Expectancy theory in practice In Expectancy theory we focus on the mental processes when considering choice, or choosing. It clarifies what an individual feel while making choices. In the study of organizational behavior, we can see that expectancy theory is a motivation theory, it tells us that employees who are sure in their ability to perform a particular task are motivated by their expectations of the consequences

A Traditional Revenge Tragedy Approach To Hamlet - 759 Words

A Traditional Revenge Tragedy approach involves the drama of a character seeking revenge for an injury or caused by another character (Reedy). In the play of Hamlet, this approach can easily be seen in the character Hamlet’s plot to â€Å"remember† his father. After his father’s death, Hamlet spends the whole play concocting a plan to avenge his father. He develops a play to bring guilt to his father’s murderer and to convince the royal subjects of their king’s foul sin. The tragedy in this approach occurs at the end when Hamlet successfully gets his father’s revenge, but in doing so is also killed. When perceived with this approach, the play revolves around the revenge of Hamlet’s father and the tragic ending. The Philosophical approach in†¦show more content†¦It is this incest; this inner conflict drives Hamlet to seek the truth of his father’s death and avenge the king. A Historical approach to literature focuses on the time and place a work was written to understand the true implication or meaning of a work(Dutton). Hamlet was written in the early 1600s in England during a time where it was outlawed to have any other faith than Protestant. In Hamlet, Shakespeare was forced to use many innuendos to Christianity because it was not allowed to belong to that church at the time because of the rules that the english monarch, Elizabeth I, had placed. Purgatory was mentioned throughout the play because that is where Hamlets father was condemned to, but in the play it is referred to as the â€Å"place between heaven and earth† because of the monarch’s laws. The same goes with the use of the word â€Å"Prayer†. In one scene, the ghost of Hamlet’s father asks Hamlet to â€Å"remember him† so he could make his way out of Purgatory and make it to heaven. â€Å"Remember me† is used to replace â€Å"prayer† and keep Shakespeare out of trouble. This affects the story because it could cause a reader to misinterpret the meaning of the literature. The final approach to Hamlet is gender Criticism, which dives into the conflict of inequality between genders in a work(Escolme). In the time period that hamlet is set in, patriarchy is a major aspect of society and is influential to the play’s plot. Most of the women in this play are notShow MoreRelatedHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Although Shakespeare wrote Hamlet closely following the conventions of a traditional revenge tragedy, he goes far beyond this form in his development of Hamlets character. Shakespeares exploration of Hamlets complex thoughts and emotions is perhaps more the focus of the play rather than that of revenge, thus in Hamlet Shakespeare greatly develops and enhances the form of the traditional revenge tragedy. 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Thus, Bosola’s apparently selfless act has a variety of incentives, ranging from the desire to take revenge on the Duchess’ murderers (for, although it is he who actually kills her, it is Ferdinand who instructs him to do so) to the final chance to dispatch of his masters. AlthoughRead MoreEssay about Hamlet3448 Words   |  14 PagesHamlet William Shakespeare is seen to many as one of the great writers in history. More specifically, the characters in his plays are reviewed and criticized and have been so for nearly four centuries. The character that many have revered Shakespeare for is perhaps the greatest such character ever in literature, Hamlet from Shakespeares Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. 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IT management issues

Question: Discuss about the IT management issues. Answer: Introduction: The report is the critical assessment of the decisions made by managements in the systems and technical sectors at the StayTogether. The StayTogether has been the group of overall ten chains of hotels. These hotels have desired to amalgamate their businesses to do away the pressure coming from the marketplace. This is to be done by the low-priced accommodation of hotels. The study mainly analyzed the four decisions of management that have been developed to influence the choices of customers. These are the attracting new customers, brand loyalty, continued patronage and customer choice. It also includes other latest scopes of businesses which might be arising with that strategy. The report has also delivered recommendation by showing the methods to use the ICT. This is done to achieve competitive benefits against the competitors. Various assumptions are made in the report like developing of applications internally by one of the IT groups of the hotel chains. Critical analysis into the management decisions: The aim of the groups has been new customers from the competitors, brand loyalty, continued patronage and customer choice. Hence, four decisions are identified here. They would most likely or may be least likely take them in achieving their aims. The four decisions from management are the loyalty scheme free buffet breakfast and dinner, rebates and social responsibilities. Loyalty programs: The loyalty programs are the structured strategies for marketing developed by the merchants. This has been done to encourage the customers such they continue shopping (Noble, Esmark Noble, 2014). They might be also using the business services related with every program. Over the time, the information could be revealed about the customers. For example the favorite beer brand or hisher choice to be vegetarian or non-vegetarian, can be included in such information. This information gathered could be utilized in formulating the messages of marketing. This is to be specially adjusted to the requirements of the customers. The loyalty clubs of the hotels could offer travelers benefit frequently. Maximum of the loyalty programs have exceeded beyond the redemption choices of free rooms and up-gradation in current years. This has provided the members the scopes for trading points against certificates of gifts, events and concerts and also the airline tickets (Breugelmans et al., 2015). There has been a saying that the efficient warriors on road are those who receive the highest return on their loyalties. The people who could spend lots of days at the properties could be almost updates to suites almost. They should check in and exit any tome suiting them. They could receive concierge services personally. They must also get twice the points for each dollar they have been spending. Free buffet breakfast and dinner: The control of food cost of the hotels should around a Transfer model. Inventory must be counted every month in each venue. This should include more than one restaurant, room services, banquets, possible vending machines and the minibars. The goods must be received centrally in typical way (Zaitlen et al., 2016). The movement of different benefit centers is to be tracked over the transfer sheets. It has been not usual that the buffets and the banquets have been delivering large percentage from the overall volume of the sales. The organizations require showing light on the effort and time as expended. This is done by completing those transfer sheets involving the expense of the calculations involved. It has been totally important to utilize similar dates for deals and buying actions. The stock must be taken after every business movement has been stopped. This could be either late around evening time or at the early hour in the morning. There ought to be no conveyances during the inventory (Broussard et al., 2016). Most inn nourishment cost reports utilize the FIFO structure for esteeming the valuation of the inventory. At the central of cost formula there has been basic nourishment cost estimation. Rebates: The team should comprehend the attention of the users on key needs like expanding visitor fulfillment and bringing down working expenses. They also need to help the clients by achieving a greater amount of business objectives. To meet the clients industry-particular requirements, the group must offer projects, items and accomplices to help in making correct vitality productivity changes. Exploitation of this demonstrated involvement should be done in helping the hospitality companies. The organization should receive the advantages of various hospitality programs (Migdal, 2015). The programs that could help are the advantages of the hospitality programs. It should also include the increment of visitor comforts. Providing of more comforting guest experience is to be done. The offices are to be kept running all the more dependably and gainfully. Individuals from a nearby group who are either straightforwardly or by implication impacted by its exercises in their general vicinity are to be involved. Encompassing condition of an area from where the company it works is to be taken into account (Davenport, 2013). Finally, the overall population making up the major some portion of society is also included. The social duty of business contains some accompanying commitments. The business must provide an appropriate profit to the shareholders or the speculators. It must give reasonable wages and pay rates with great conditions of working. Social responsibilities: The social duty of business refers to different commitments or obligations or roles that the business-association possesses for the society within which has been working from. By and large, the social obligation of business contains certain obligations towards substances, which are delineated and discussed hereafter (Benavides-Velasco, Quintana-Garca Marchante-Lara, 2014). They have responsibilities towards the shareholders or the speculators who has been contributing to the funds for the business. It should also include the workers and others making up its staff. There has been a duty towards the shoppers or clients who expends or potentially utilizes its yields. The government and neighborhood managerial bodies that control its business exercises in their purviews are also to be considered. It must give a normal supplying of quality products and additionally administrations to its shoppers or clients at sensible costs. It must submit to all administration tenets and controls, underpins its business-related strategies. The company is ought to pay reasonable charges without keeping any dues or delays. It should likewise contribute in advancement of a nearby group by doing liberal exercises like building schools, universities, healing centers, and so on. It must take monstrous care to see that its exercises. This should be done neither specifically nor in a roundabout way making any chaos on the essentialness of its encompassing condition. It is ought to keep up a stringent arrangement to check or control contamination as to sullying of air, water, land, sound and radiation spillages. In order to do this, it must contract experienced proficient people who are specialists in their particular fields. It is ought to likewise offer social-welfare administrations to the overall population. There have been various center targets of social obligation of business. It is an idea that infers a business must be functioning with a firm mentality to ensure and advance the intrigue and welfare of the society (Schwalbe, 2015). Otherwise the popularities gained for improvement and progress of the general public should likewise be given a prime significance. It should sincerely satisfy its social obligations with respect to the welfare of society in which it works and whose assets and frameworks it makes utilization of to procure tremendous benefits. It is expected to never disregard, like maintaining a strategic distance from its duties towards society, in which it prospers. Difference between information technology and information system: The information frameworks (IS) and the information (IT) have been frequently viewed to be synonymous. As a general rule, the IT is the subset of the IS. The recognition that the words could be utilized reciprocally could bring about disarray. This confuses the people seeking a technology related profession. Though both the sectors manage PCs, they acquire different attributes and particular profession ways needing distinctive instruction and preparing (Galegher, Kraut Egido, 2014). The information systems is the blanket word for the networks, individuals and procedures desired to make, store, control, disperse and spread data. The area of data frameworks spans business and software engineering. One reason individuals may not recognize IS and IT is that they expect all IS to be PC based frameworks. An IS, however, could be as basic as the pencil and the bit of paper. Particular, the elements are just simply devices (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Utilized together, they make a framework to record data. In spite of the fact that IS are intensely dependent on PCs and other innovation based instruments the word originates before PCs and can incorporate non-mechanical frameworks also. Information technology has been falling under the umbrella of IS. However it has been managing the technology required in the network of them. IT is characterized as the review, plan, execution, support or managing of computer based networks of data (Laudon Laudon, 2013). IT commonly involves databases, equipment, tools, programming, and systems. The IT frequently denotes the procurement, preparing of digitized data or information created through the different controls of processing and broadcast communications. The information technology has been concentrating on managing innovation. It has also been enhancing its usage propelling common objectives of business. IS has experienced incredible arrangement of development. This includes from record keeping manually to the present cloud storage framework. Additionally, IT has been observing is consistent transformations with speedier processor. It has been always contracting sizes of the storage devices. Businesses have been utilizing IS for instance in manual book formats of records to present day TALLY (Holtshouse, 2013). Moreover, the way of correspondence has gone under huge alteration. For instance, the transformation from the letter to the email could be considered here. Effect of IT and IS: For the customer choices they have been used for putting away, ensuring, preparing, securing, transmitting, getting, and recovering data. In the period of IT, customer conduct is the method for cooperating with the online market, making communication with the business and drawing nearer towards choices that has been affected by the introduction of the advertisers. For continued patronages ICT programs has been designed to permit the management to control the service provisions with initiatives to build relationships. The ICT deliver significant and helpful data for guiding efforts decreasing the variability within service quality. They have been further providing the customers with the services ensuring their continued patronages (Lee, Thomas Baskerville, 2015). As per as the brand loyalty is concerned, the customers have been loyal about choosing their brands. This has been regardless the influence of latest IT on basic knowledge about the services and products (Or Tao, 2014). However, later IT punishes the weaker brands faster and severely as done previously. Recommendations: In order to attract latest customers and other new business scopes the following points are recommended: Identification of the clients: It has been easier to go for the customers known than the customers were searched. Without prior knowledge of the group ideal customer, the probable way to start looking cannot be determined (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Discovering the areas where the customers stay: Search for good customers must include various social media. Offline potential and plenty customers could be met at conferences and the conventions. Knowing the insides and outs of the business: The thorough understanding of the industry and possessing firm research about the services has been critical to attract the clients interested. Conclusion: There has been four decisions form the management to achieve their aim as discussed in the report. The loyalty program delivers the hotels with the wealth of data regarding their guests. The hotels operating the loyalty program possess the insights regarding the personal data about their guests. All these valuable data could be utilized to develop laser focus campaigns for marketing for different types of guests. The company should have a genuine level headed discussion in regards to the incorporation of minor things on exchange sheets. Vocations in IS can incorporate an assortment of fields, for example, actuarial sciences, examination and programming, interchanges, PC security, auditing, communications and programming and analytics. The IS has been known to the world in one format or alternate to the resource for basic decision making. In any case, with the coming of IT, the IS have proved to be more refined. Their utilization has multiplied over every type of different backgrounds . IT has also helped in controlling huge measure of data into valuable and the profitable data. References: Benavides-Velasco, C. A., Quintana-Garca, C., Marchante-Lara, M. (2014). Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, 77-87. Breugelmans, E., Bijmolt, T. H., Zhang, J., Basso, L. J., Dorotic, M., Kopalle, P., ... Wnderlich, N. V. (2015). Advancing research on loyalty programs: a future research agenda.Marketing Letters,26(2), 127-139. Broussard, J. L., Kilkus, J. M., Delebecque, F., Abraham, V., Day, A., Whitmore, H. R., Tasali, E. (2016). Elevated ghrelin predicts food intake during experimental sleep restriction.Obesity,24(1), 132-138. Davenport, T. H. (2013).Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Galegher, J., Kraut, R. E., Egido, C. (2014).Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Grabara, J., Kolcun, M., Kot, S. (2014). The role of information systems in transport logistics.International Journal of Education and Research,2(2), 28-36. Holtshouse, D. K. (2013).Information technology for knowledge management. U. M. Borghoff, R. Pareschi (Eds.). Springer Science Business Media. HOW HOTELS WITH MOBILE APPS ARE WINNING OVER GUESTS How HotelTonight's mobile app became the most downloaded app in its category in just one month https://blog.apps-builder.com/hotels-with-mobile-apps/ https://customerthink.com/data_nothing_personal_ritz_carlton/ https://www.marketingsherpa.com/article/case-study/how-hoteltonights-mobile-app-became Kellermann, A. L., Jones, S. S. (2013). What it will take to achieve the as-yet-unfulfilled promises of health information technology.Health Affairs,32(1), 63-68. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2013). Management Information Systems 13e. Lee, A. S., Thomas, M., Baskerville, R. L. (2015). Going back to basics in design science: from the information technology artifact to the information systems artifact.Information Systems Journal,25(1), 5-21. Migdal, N. (2015).Hotel Law: Transactions, Management and Franchising. Routledge. Noble, S. M., Esmark, C. L., Noble, C. H. (2014). Accumulation versus instant loyalty programs: The influence of controlling policies on customers' commitments.Journal of Business Research,67(3), 361-368. Or, C. K., Tao, D. (2014). Does the use of consumer health information technology improve outcomes in the patient self-management of diabetes? A meta-analysis and narrative review of randomized controlled trials.International journal of medical informatics,83(5), 320-329. Ritz-Carlton: Data Is Nothing Without the Personal Touches Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Shapiro, C., Varian, H. R. (2013).Information rules: a strategic guide to the network economy. Harvard Business Press. Vaishnavi, V. K., Kuechler, W. (2015).Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press. Zaitlen, N., Lappalainen, T., Hoffman, M., Ayroles, J., Listgarten, J. (2016). Early Career Investigators Meeting on Quantitative Problems in Human Health and Genetics.

Research Project World Wildlife Fund Marketing Plan Essay Example

Research Project: World Wildlife Fund Marketing Plan Essay 1. Situation Analysis As the costs of decades of environmental negligence are now clearer than ever, the support for fundamental reforms has passed its critical mass. This state of affairs has been brought about as a direct effect of decades of efforts made by environmental organizations, many of those efforts can be related to these organisations’ ability to recruit financial resources and to allocate them skilfully between its various operations. However, despite the noticeable success throughout the past, the new global awareness takes its toll on the bodies who nurtured it. In an age of greater sensitivity to the WWF’s core objectives, companies, governments and numerous other NGOs challenge the WWF efforts to retain its relevance and to justify its ongoing and future operations. As its main source of income is donations, the WWF must not only rethink its goals and objectives, but also to adjust its fundraising operations to the fast-changing market. 1. 1 Main Customer Segments We will write a custom essay sample on Research Project: World Wildlife Fund Marketing Plan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Project: World Wildlife Fund Marketing Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Project: World Wildlife Fund Marketing Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer WWF’s three main donors’ groups, namely governmental organisations, corporations and individuals, can be further segmented into specific groups using more than a few segmentation methods. This section, however, will suggest personality analysis; by considering personality traits (as well as the sets of needs and wants derived from them) as the leading factor, it may be possible to identify several segments, which may prove themselves as highly potential when treated in a suitable manner. 1.1.1 The Government Sector Revenues from government and other public sector bodies account for 29% of WWF’s total income in FY2008 (WWF, 2009). The sources of motivation for this expenditure may vary, but it is clear that the WWF enjoys its position a sound and responsible actor in the global level. It should be noted that the responsible image of WWF is a major strengths of the organisation; for example, Greenpeace, who deals with similar issues to those of the WWF, is perceived as rather â€Å"subversive† and thus does not report any donations from the public sector (Greenpeace, 2008). However, this very own approach towards governments and international institutions require adaption of the organisation’s operations to some extent, as direct conflicts with such bodies (e.g. in the form of unfavourable reports) may diminish this primary source of income. Moreover, since governments are much more interested in environmental issues than before, they may shift their expenditure to their own wildlife protection programs and/or to local organizations. Hence, the WWF should strive to use its professional strengthens to nurture local and international public sector initiations. That is, these bodies should be convinced that the WWF can be an effective and efficient means to promote their own plans and to actively participate in policy making. Given that the WWF can succeed in extending its role to public institutions, it should be assumed that governments and aid agencies will retain their predominant role in the WWF’s donations pie. 1.1.2 The Business Sector The WWF’s (2008) income statements from the last two years show two opposite trends: on one hand, donations from corporations have declined by 25% between the two years, presumably due to the crisis-related drop in profitability. On the other hand, revenues from royalties have increased by 110% to about ˆ765,000, more than four times higher than the traditional income from legacies and bequests. These figures clearly imply a wind of change in the market potential of corporate donations. In addition to the weakening economic environment, companies prefer to maximize their benefits from corporate social responsibility (CSR) operations, and prefer to make direct investments rather than to donate almost anonymously (i.e. most of the companies’ stakeholders are not aware of the donation). Combining the opposite trends of donations and royalties, the WWF should use its strong brand name and highly positive public image to engage in business initiatives, as discussed in detail in the next chapter. 1.1.3. Individuals As funding from more than a few sources is shrinking or growing slowly, private individuals continue to increase their donations and prove once more the power of the individual in an open economy. More precisely, in addition to a 22% increase in individual contributions between 2007 and 2008 (WWF, 2008), Black (2009) reports a single $50 million donation from a Mexican billionaire, who wish to establish a fund to promote environmental projects in his country. Even if this is an unrepresentative example, one should not avoid considering specific cases and general trends in regard to individuals. The WWF has more than a few market offerings for individuals, including merchandizing, travel packages and educational seminars. In addition, individuals are a target market for the WWF’s core operations in matters such as nutrition, responsible tourism and reduction of the demand for products such as furs and ivory. 1.2 Market Analysis 1.2.1 Partnerships with Governments, NGOs and Humanitarian Agencies Governments are not only a leading financer of the WWF, but are also a collaborator and a target for many of its operations. In the US, the WWF’s Government and Policy operations aim to develop cooperation programs with President Obama’s administration, the US Congress and governmental agencies (such as the Agency for International Development and the Department of state) and promotes public-private partnerships (PPPs) with numerous international bodies. Moreover, the WWF takes an active role in various campaigns in cooperation with other NGOs. These include, among others, humanitarian responses to catastrophes with the Red Cross and a proposal to Copenhagen Climate Treaty in collaboration with a battery of other environmental organizations such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and IndyAct. 1.2.2 Collaborations with the Private Sector As more and more businesses and corporations become aware of their environmental responsibility and the merits of maintaining a sustainable way of conduct, the WWF’s professional capabilities are effective means to promote tailor-made solutions, in particular with international behemoth such as Coca-Cola, Nike and IKEA. The same holds true for several major financial institutions, which understand the prospective long-term resource scarcity and invest in environmentally responsible RD projects. Most importantly, both of these directions do not merely come from plain CSR, but are a result of the clear link between sustainability, profitability and long-term growth. Such partnerships involve, among others, issues like transformational projects (i.e. building sustainable capacities towards ISO 14000), Philanthropic contribution, and Marketing ventures (which also serve as sources for royalties for the WWF). 1.2.3 Recent Trends and Events that Affect the WWF As mentioned earlier, the current political, economical and social conditions pose both threats and opportunities for the WWF. Among all major developments, several are worth to mention as the most critical for the success of future marketing efforts: Pace of recovery from the economic downturn in developed countries: a crucial factor for the WWF’s revenues is the ability in all levels and sectors to spend of the organization’s operations, from governments’ budgets to individuals’ propensity to buy WWF-related consumer goods. A new set of priorities of the Obama administration: unlike his predecessor, who refused to sign the Kyoto treaty and did not admit the American responsibility for nature preservation, President Obama seems to be more supportive of environmental considerations. This can be seen, to state a pair of examples, through the promotion of the Clean Energy and Security Act in the Congress and the president’s intentions to establish the US as a global leader in the fight to prevent the climate change. Greater openness among Third World governments: foreign regimes have gained a great deal of their high growth rates in the past on weak environmental legislation and enforcement. Recen tly, however, major forces such as China, who positioned itself as the world’s â€Å"omission trashcan,† cooperate with the WWF and many other bodies to protect their natural resources. As a result, it should be assumed that those countries will show great improvement in this field and will need further support. 1.3 Positioning The WWF belongs to the top line of international environmental NGOs. Some of the organizations in this group have a deep degree of affiliation with major international bodies; these include, for example, the Center for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (which belongs to the United Nations Development Programme, or UNDP) and the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology, a part of the WHO (World Health Organization). Other NGOs, who can be perceived as direct competitors to the WWF on donations, are to be found in the independent category. Table 1summarizes findings on the major members of this category, in comparison to the WWF. Organization Contributing Members Revenues in $,000 US (FY 2007) Geographical reach Basea World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 5 million 151,426 100 countries Switzerland Greenpeace International 2.8 million 69,977 41 countries The Netherlands Friends of the Earth 2 million Not reported 16 affiliates and 77 member groups worldwide The Netherlands Table 1: Selected independent international environmental NGOs(Adapted from the respective organizations’ websites) aall the organizations in table have dozens of local offices. As can be seen in the table above the WWF has a clear predominant position comparing to its main competitors in all performance measurements. This is due to several differences, as described below and in Figure 1: First, the WWF is concerned primarily with preservation of flora and Fiona, and usually does not deal with more controversial issues such as globalization, nuclear energy and human rights. In contrast, the other major organizations take a more holistic approach, involving economic and social matters in their environmental campaigns. As a result, they are perceived as more radical and receive narrower support. Second, the WWF cooperate with more governmental and private bodies than the competitors. This approach brings about more awareness to the WWF’s messages and direct donations from a wide range of bodies, even such parties with whom the WWF has disputes. Greenpeace, for example, refuses to accept donations from corporations, in order to avoid bias on the organization’s policies and actions. Consequently, Greenpeace and other competitors in this category receive less favorable attitude and significantly lower donations, even though their environmental agenda is rather similar to the WWF’s core activities. Third, the professional capabilities of the WWF and its powerful brand (the panda symbol) allow it to offer more diversified product portfolio relatively to the others. Unique examples from the WWF’s offering include ISO 14000 transformation services, â€Å"green† financial consulting and the availability of much better academic and practical innovation projects. On the other hand, some smaller competitors such as Friends of the Earth and Green Cross International are structured in a much more decentralized manner. That is, their operational approach is based on connecting activist groups in one network, whereas the international headquarters provide services to those groups, whose goals and means differ according to regional factors. This structure keeps most of the expenditure and the income on the regional level, thus reducing overhead expenses to minimum and allows operational flexibility, which better match expenditure to income. 2. Proposed Marketing Mix Based on our market analysis, it can be soundly assume that given the difficult situation in which the WWF conducts its fundraising operations, the current situation of the organization is relatively stable in the short run. However, as the world economic and political conditions are going through rapid changes, the WWF should consider several adaptations in its fundraising policies and operations. The underlying idea behind this program is that the WWF is doing rather well despite, not because, its position as an environmental â€Å"charity† fund. That is, as donations diminish because of economic reasons and the attempts of potential donors, governmental and private alike, to promote their own environmental initiatives, the WWF manage to maintain its predominant position only thanks to the organization’s ability to find alternative sources of income. Hence, as described in detail below, the main objective of this program is to nurture an organizational attitude, which will be supportive towards market-oriented innovation in all aspects of the marketing mix. This idea follows the assumption that the WWF has the right set of means to provide great value to a large array of stakeholders in other means than showing its success in environmental campaigns. We will further argue that although the plan requires some changes within the WWF, it can be safely assumed that the basic structure and capabilities of the organization will not be damaged. 2.1 Product Our market analysis described three customer segments as the WWF’s key stakeholders, namely the public sector, businesses and individuals. It was also suggested that former sources of motivation to donate money to the WWF are diminishing gradually but surely, either because of economic reasons (i.e. lower profitability) or as a result of political and social changes (e.g. the rising power of local activists’ groups). One thing that did not change, and even increased, is the awareness to the WWF’s environmental agenda and a growing will to act. In response to these trends in the market, the WWF should strengthen its position as a provider of products and services to the main target market. By doing it profitably, the organization will flourish financially and will be less dependent on donations. 2.1.1 Services for the Public Sector Governments, international organizations and inter government organizations (IGOs) are concerned with sustainability in the macro level. Typical matters are issues of legislation and reinforcement, nature protection, waste management and water. As opposed to the lobbying approach, we argue that those organizations need much more than public pressure to act. Instead, the WWF can offer feasible solutions to promote the public organizations’ inherent motivation to act. Such services may include: Assistance in developing environment protection legislation Project management and financial structuring of â€Å"big-ticket† project such as alternative energy and water desalination facilities Marketing and PR agency in behalf of the government/IGO Educational projects for all ages 2.1.2 Services for the Business Sector Companies and corporation are characteristically the most profit- and growth-derived players in the economy. Even CSR initiatives are measured in terms of cost effectiveness and compared to their benefits on a financial or public image perspective. Furthermore, profitability is a critical factor in donation decision-making, as donations are deductibles from other taxed items in the Profit and Loss Accounts. However, similarly to governments, there is a growing demand in the private sector for services, which can be delivered through a substantial expansion of the WWF’s networks in the business community. Private sector operations should include: Expansion of the current operations (e.g. ISO 14000 consulting, resource management of large multinationals) Joint ventures with financial bodies to establish WWF’s â€Å"branded† line of eco-friendly financial products (such as trust funds and insurance policies for sustainable operations) Outsourcing services for tasks in the WWF’s core competencies such as omission management and HR training Establishing a â€Å"think tank† with logistics companies to improve their efficiency. 2.1.3 Products and Services for Individuals The main value proposition for the individual market is twofold. First, by supporting the WWF efforts, people can perceive themselves as â€Å"greener† and get a sense of belonging to an elite social group. Second, the WWF’s unique knowledge and abilities may enable the organization to offer valuable products and services in fields such as tourism, education and science. The main recommendations as for (average income) individuals are: Extending the current line of WWF consumer goods (which focus today mainly on logo-bearing products, see Figure 2) to other FMCG (e.g. vegetarian food products) as well as to be able to offer better prices on environmentally-friendly home products such as water-saving filters for taps. Continue to develop tourism packages for all kinds of travelers, from those who look for exotic spots to Sunday morning families. The WWF should consider establishing a non-formal education system, which will provide private classes in fields such as science and biology. 2.2 Price The proposed line of the WWF’s products and services assumes that the marketing offerings must be profitable, as the organization does not have the means to invest in slow-yielding projects. Moreover, the WWF has a good reputation as a leading wildlife protection organization and has a strong brand. Therefore, the organization should ensure its margins. It is not likely that there will be a serious price competition on the public sector, but the pricing policy in regard to the private sector should be modular to some extent. That is, the WWF should tailor its prices to the available financing instruments in the market and to base some of its prices to corporate services on performance-based commissions, which may reduce price sensitivity. Agreements with marketers of the WWF’s FMCG line should be based on profit sharing with a minimum annual payment. 2.3 Place Whereas the products and services sold to the open public can be marketed in a conventional way (e.g. through intermidiaries, retailers and the Internet), the marketing for the institutional market (i.e. both the public sector and companies) should be based on direct marketing through trained marketing and sales units for every sector and/or region (customer-based structure). Special attention should be put to those regions where improved environmental standards are a threshold for further development or for achieving strategic goals. Examples include, among others: Countries that need to develop their environmental legislation and enforcement I order to join international cooperation bodies (e.g. the European Union and the Kyoto Treaty) Companies in countries that give substantial benefits or pose penalties for omission reduction (e.g. the CO Tax and high waste clearing costs) Third World countries, which are currently legging behind of the rest of the world in the wildlife and nature protection policies and operations 2.4 Promotion As the institutional market is expected to retain its predominant position in the WWF’s income pie, most promotional efforts should be devoted to governments and companies. Following Kotler Keller (2006), the most effective promotion method in the context of B2B marketing is direct interactions with specific people within the organizations and building long-term relationships, which are based on trust. Hence, the task forces should locate change agents in their target institutions and give them the notion that they are valuable members of an elite group of individuals across markets and industries, all interested in bringing about environmental reforms in their organizations. The industry and government partners will be invited to specially designated congresses and excursions and will get direct connections with potential collaborators from both the private and the public sector. In addition, the WWF will provide personal consulting services for those people, who will be able to get advice on every field. The WWF will monitor the effectiveness of each such partner to promote cooperation between the WWF and his organization; this will significantly ease the process of monitoring the cost-effectiveness of the proposed marketing mix. 3. Budgets and Controls As mentioned earlier, it is imperative to avoid a risk of significant loss and not to worsen the WWF’s current 2.5% ratio between fundraising expanse and revenues. The needed funds for developing the proposed market offerings should come primarily from the fund raising budgets and partially by shifting existing operations to synergize with the new marketing approach. The appraisal system should treat each region separately and to recognize the different projects within each region as a strategic SBU that must justify itself financially. In addition to each SBU’s revenues from operations, the main KPIs are profitability, stability of market portfolio and growth rates of income against the benchmark. The main benchmarking criteria should compare the efficiency of the new plan against the former fundraising methods and a comparison between similar SBUs from other regions. Bibliography